protected static function compute_style_properties( $styles, $settings = array(), $properties = null, $theme_json = null, $selector = null, $use_root_padding = null ) {
    if ( null === $properties ) {
      $properties = static::PROPERTIES_METADATA;
    }

    $declarations = array();
    if ( empty( $styles ) ) {
      return $declarations;
    }

    $root_variable_duplicates = array();

    foreach ( $properties as $css_property => $value_path ) {
      $value = static::get_property_value( $styles, $value_path, $theme_json );

      if ( str_starts_with( $css_property, '--wp--style--root--' ) && ( static::ROOT_BLOCK_SELECTOR !== $selector || ! $use_root_padding ) ) {
        continue;
      }
      // Root-level padding styles don't currently support strings with CSS shorthand values.
      // This may change: https://github.com/WordPress/gutenberg/issues/40132.
      if ( '--wp--style--root--padding' === $css_property && is_string( $value ) ) {
        continue;
      }

      if ( str_starts_with( $css_property, '--wp--style--root--' ) && $use_root_padding ) {
        $root_variable_duplicates[] = substr( $css_property, strlen( '--wp--style--root--' ) );
      }

      // Look up protected properties, keyed by value path.
      // Skip protected properties that are explicitly set to `null`.
      if ( is_array( $value_path ) ) {
        $path_string = implode( '.', $value_path );
        if (
          // TODO: Replace array_key_exists() with isset() check once WordPress drops
          // support for PHP 5.6. See https://core.trac.wordpress.org/ticket/57067.
          array_key_exists( $path_string, static::PROTECTED_PROPERTIES ) &&
          _wp_array_get( $settings, static::PROTECTED_PROPERTIES[ $path_string ], null ) === null
        ) {
          continue;
        }
      }

      // Skip if empty and not "0" or value represents array of longhand values.
      $has_missing_value = empty( $value ) && ! is_numeric( $value );
      if ( $has_missing_value || is_array( $value ) ) {
        continue;
      }

      // Calculates fluid typography rules where available.
      if ( 'font-size' === $css_property ) {
        /*
				 * wp_get_typography_font_size_value() will check
				 * if fluid typography has been activated and also
				 * whether the incoming value can be converted to a fluid value.
				 * Values that already have a clamp() function will not pass the test,
				 * and therefore the original $value will be returned.
				 */
        $value = wp_get_typography_font_size_value( array( 'size' => $value ) );
      }

      $declarations[] = array(
        'name'  => $css_property,
        'value' => $value,
      );
    }

    // If a variable value is added to the root, the corresponding property should be removed.
    foreach ( $root_variable_duplicates as $duplicate ) {
      $discard = array_search( $duplicate, array_column( $declarations, 'name' ), true );
      if ( is_numeric( $discard ) ) {
        array_splice( $declarations, $discard, 1 );
      }
    }

    return $declarations;
  }